0000023951 00000 n To ensure this is possible, every member of the editorial staff follows a clear code of conduct. 0000208607 00000 n 0000214331 00000 n The MST Scale is designed to replace outdated skin tone scales that are biased towards lighter skin. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006004230.x. 0000208825 00000 n 0000224140 00000 n 2020 Apr;8(2):325-351. doi: 10.1093/jssam/smy027. Have questions about the best treatments for your skin type? 0000206913 00000 n The Fitzpatrick Scale: What Determines Your Skin Type Score? The Fitzpatrick scale (aka the Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale) is commonly used to describe a persons skin type and tone, particularly in terms of how it responds to light. For example, laser treatments, chemical peels, and dermabrasion can cause issues for people on this end of the scale. If you purchase through links on our site, we may earn a commission. 0000223501 00000 n Theyre also at a lower risk of skin cancer due to sun exposure (though skin cancer is still a concern). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Skin Types 4-6, even though they have a higher level of melanin, are still at risk for sun damage and present their own unique challenges. 0000223885 00000 n These include its Real Tone photo filters, which are designed to work better with darker skin tones, and its image search results. Google has said that it is planning to roll out these new Monk Skin Tone and Real Tone features across Android, iOS 15 and its web services over the next couple of months. 0000000736 00000 n 0000008504 00000 n This scale is used in several high-profile social surveys, but has not yet been psychometrically evaluated. 0000215251 00000 n Epub 2022 Mar 21. Google says its introducing a new feature to image search that will let users refine searches based on skin tones classified by the MST Scale. Downstream, these decisions can have the biggest impacts on people who are most vulnerable to unfair treatment, people with darker skin tones, Dr. Heldreth says. While the Fitzpatrick skin typing system is still the most widely used in dermatology, Harvard dermatologist Dr. Karen Kagha says that theres currently a push in the field to expand the scale to more accurately reflect the vast variety of skin tones dermatologists treat in practice today. We are committed to taking the proper steps and utilizing preconditioning techniques to mitigate the risks you may face if you are interested in those types of procedures. Girls completed a measure of self-esteem when they were in Grades 5, 7, 10, and 12, and in Grade 12 their skin tone was rated on a 3-point scale (1 = "Light," 2 = "Medium," 3 = "Dark"). 0000209568 00000 n Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 0000215057 00000 n 0000001430 00000 n In this experiment, we compare three different ways of asking raters to evaluate skin tone, testing whether methods 0000006470 00000 n Dr. Ricco, a software engineer on Google Research's Perception team, leads a group that specializes in finding new ways to make sure Google's computer vision systems work well for more users, regardless of their backgrounds or how they look. Monk says this number was chosen based on his own research to balance diversity and ease of use. Doing that has involved two major tasks: The first was figuring out what was already built and why it wasn't working, Eye says. 0000004743 00000 n 0000034839 00000 n Extremely light skinned. 0000223070 00000 n 0000222050 00000 n Knowing your Fitzpatrick skin type can help when youre considering cosmetic treatments, especially laser hair removal, laser resurfacing, and chemical peels (commonly used to treat sun damage). How often have you exposed the area you want to treat to the sun? 0000207873 00000 n 0000224608 00000 n 0000205926 00000 n Blonde hair. Thomas Fitzpatrick, the Father of Modern Academic Dermatology, developed a scale to classify skin types in relation to their tolerance to sunlight. The MST Scale is an important next step in a collective effort to improve skin tone inclusivity in technology. FOIA 0000208403 00000 n He has been surveying people about the kinds of ways that skin tone has played a role in their lives for a decade. 0000218167 00000 n the magnitude and statistical significance of skin tone effects, and inform survey practice regarding the administration of the Massey-Martin scale in the future. Lets find out! 0000222295 00000 n 0000009198 00000 n 0000205092 00000 n Epub 2009 Sep 17. 0000216550 00000 n She is examining health inequities and their toll. 0000215944 00000 n The MST is a 10-shade scale supposed to help improve the colour and racial representation in google search results, meaning that it should be easier for people with darker skin to information that is pertinent to them. 8600 Rockville Pike 372 0 obj <> endobj 0000214643 00000 n Keep reading to find out everything you need to know about the Monk Skin Tone scale. The Massey-Martin Scale Introduced in 2012, skin tone measurement in the General Social Survey approximated a procedure initially developed by Douglas Massey and Jennifer Martin (2003). 0000224676 00000 n The Monk Skin Tone Scale is a 10-point skin tone scale that was deliberately designed to be much more representative and inclusive of a wider range of different skin tones, especially for people [with] darker skin tones., Fixing bias in AI often means fixing training data. Skin Type 5 dark brown/black skin tone, rarely burns and always tans when exposed to the sun. 24 0 obj <> endobj Doshi stressed, though, that these updates were in a very early stage of development and hadnt yet been rolled out across the companys services. The Monk Skin Tone (MST) Scale is a type of AI that allows computers to see and understand images. 0000216681 00000 n 0000215623 00000 n Theres a growing consensus among physicians and government regulators that pulse oximeters measure oxygen levels less accurately in patients with darker skin and need to be fixed. The current study assesses the intercoder reliability of one of the most important skin tone measurement instruments-the Massey-Martin scale. 0000219634 00000 n The tech giant is working with Ellis Monk, an assistant professor of sociology at Harvard and the creator of the Monk Skin Tone Scale, or MST. If it sounds like an intricate process, thats because it is. 0000210317 00000 n 0000204808 00000 n Take, for example, the infamous Google Photos error that led to its search algorithm tagging photos of Black people as gorillas and chimpanzees. This mistake was first noticed in 2015, yet Google confirmed to The Verge this week that it has still not fixed the problem but simply removed these search terms altogether. 0000223246 00000 n Measurement of skin color: practical application and theoretical considerations. 0000220332 00000 n 0000213255 00000 n 0000224540 00000 n Gemma joined Trusted Reviews as a staff writer after graduating from Leeds Beckett University with a Journalism degree. 0000036907 00000 n In the case of filtering image search results, for example, Doshi notes that diversity may look different in different countries, and if Google adjusts image results based on skin tone, it may have to change these results based on geography. The Fitzpatrick scale (aka the Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale) is commonly used to describe a persons skin type and tone, particularly in terms of how it responds to light. (With Pictures)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzpatrick_scale&oldid=1117549521, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. If you're saying, I tested my model for fairness to make sure it works well for darker skin tones, but youre using a scale that doesn't represent most people with those skin tones, you don't know how well it actually works, says Xango Eye, a Product Manager working on Responsible AI. 0000212832 00000 n The team knew piecing together that puzzle, and particularly thinking about how to define a range of skin tones, would be a wider effort that extended beyond Google. 0 0000002797 00000 n What is the Monk Skin Tone scale meant to do? 2021 Apr 1;58(2):763-772. doi: 10.1215/00703370-8976151. One of the things were doing is taking a set of [image] results, understanding when those results are particularly homogenous across a few set of tones, and improving the diversity of the results, Googles head of product for responsible AI, Tulsee Doshi, told The Verge. 0000217672 00000 n 0000209741 00000 n 0000214213 00000 n 0000010126 00000 n The purpose of this study was to compare the capabilities of the three instruments (sensitivity, repeatability and correlation) in vitro and in vivo. 0000213549 00000 n The MST scale is also going to be built into Google Photos, where it should become a new set of Real Tone filters that should work across all skin tones. Epub 2019 Mar 21. 0000216496 00000 n ev0q8k20b72ILM:0cp*KI^PGW>Fw>vG1`pOm7=@%@H0 fepB`zKR(fF C-l K2 Pu@>D})uhajS Y`XYaH;C7UF+Ce m@:8A*309'L8@ OQ ): Fitzpatrick, T. B. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 2015 Aug;21(3):346-62. doi: 10.1111/srt.12199. In order to prevent this type of mistake and potentially causing additional harm, the search terms remain disabled.. A common misconception of the Fitzpatrick scale is that people tend to interpret it as a measure of a persons skin color. Fitzpatrick skin types are usually represented in Roman numerals from I to VI, with I being the fairest and VI the darkest, though many doctors on RealSelf also use numbers 1 to 6. Skin colour, skin redness and melanin biometric measurements: comparison study between Antera() 3D, Mexameter() and Colorimeter(). 0000224073 00000 n Where you fall on the scale depends on your eye, hair, and skin color as well as the way your skin reacts to sun exposure. 0000221694 00000 n <<6A1D76EF4984FA42A126476B0E4E5641>]>> This scale is used in several high-profile social surveys, but has not yet been psychometrically evaluated. 0000204570 00000 n Harsh and abrasive ingredients should be avoided, and gentler acids such as lactic and mandelic acids are better choices for those who fall on the higher side of the scale. Accessibility The higher levels of melanin put them at a higher risk for hyperpigmentation, as the bodys response to skin injury is to produce more pigment. These include apps designed to detect skin cancer, facial recognition software, and even machine vision systems used by self-driving cars. Introducing a new and more inclusive scale for measuring skin tones is a step forward, but much thornier issues involving AI and bias remain. She's worked with national outlets, covering breaking news stories to reviews fo, Unbiased and independent advice on what to buy. Please check and try again. Importantly, in order to ensure that datasets used to develop technologies relating to understanding people are more inclusive, we need a scale that represents a wide range of skin tones. The Fitzpatrick scale is comprised of six categories, but the MST Scale expands this to 10 different skin tones. It will be primarily incorporated by Google into computer vision and found that computer vision systems often do not function as efficiently for people of darker skin as they do for people of fairer skin. Bookshelf But the issue with pulse oximeters is not one of race its very clearly one of skin tone. %%EOF Top row: Kylee Jaye, Shrikanth Narayanan, Auriel Wright; middle row: Candice Schumann, Courtney Heldreth, Komal Singh; bottom row: Marco Andreetto, Susanna Ricco, Kree Cole-Mclaughlin. 0000010405 00000 n Those with Skin Types 1-3 have a higher risk for sun damage and skin cancer due to the lower levels of melanin in the skin. and transmitted securely. De Los Reyes A, Youngstrom EA, Swan AJ, Youngstrom JK, Feeny NC, Findling RL. Never burns, will tan quickly when exposed to the sun. 0000001341 00000 n Until now, Google has largely relied on the Fitzpatrick Scale for photo AI. 0000217128 00000 n 0000218351 00000 n Do you have freckles on unexposed areas of skin? "Ultraviolet-induced pigmentary changes: Benefits and hazards", Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs Emoji modifiers, "The Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification Scale", "What Is Golden Skin Tone? 0000206524 00000 n The best practice in combatting sun damage for those on the lower end of the Fitzpatrick scale is to incorporate a high-quality sunblock that has an SPF of 30 or higher into your skin care routine. 0000221384 00000 n 2022 Aug 29;17(8):e0273029. Davis RE, Couper MP, Janz NK, Caldwell CH, Resnicow K. Health Educ Res. This study examined the consistency, comparability, and meaningfulness of the two most widely used skin tone rating scales (MasseyMartin and PERLA) and two portable and inexpensive handheld devices for skin color measurement (Nix colorimeter and Labby spectrophotometer). 0000185662 00000 n An official website of the United States government. xref 0000207108 00000 n 0000008143 00000 n xref 0000005847 00000 n An official website of the United States government. Google is partnering with a Harvard professor to promote a new scale for measuring skin tones with the hope of fixing problems of bias and diversity in the companys products. The current evaluation is only possible because, f 0000217402 00000 n Reading Fast, Reading Slow: The Effect of Interviewers' Speed in Reading Introductory Texts on Response Behavior. 0000212611 00000 n Red or light blonde hair. View 7A. 8600 Rockville Pike The skin tone measure we designed is based on the makeup gradient designed by LOral, supplemented with Fashion Fair Fast Finish Stick Foundation in The scale is an 0000205038 00000 n 0000006742 00000 n The company says its also working to apply the MST Scale to a number of its own products. To make sure that tech works across skin tones, we need to intentionally test and improve it across a diverse range. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 0000210905 00000 n official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 0000212303 00000 n 0000217348 00000 n Interviewers' Ratings of Respondents' Health: Predictors and Association With Mortality. Creating a new skin tone scale is only a first step, though, and the real challenge is integrating this work into real-world applications. 0000004153 00000 n Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 0000224262 00000 n 0000218473 00000 n Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 0000208199 00000 n Color variations during digital imaging of facial prostheses subjected to unfiltered ambient light and image calibration techniques within dental clinics: An in vitro analysis. 0000022429 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Unless we have an adequate measure of differences in skin tone, we cant really integrate that into products to make sure theyre more inclusive, Monk tells The Verge. 0000046159 00000 n Theres another problem, however, that needs to be fixed first. To provide you with a better understanding of the Fitzpatrick scale, lets take a look at the defined skin types the scale presents: Skin Type 1 typically lightly pigmented, ivory toned skin. 0000010785 00000 n Google is experimenting with balancing image search results to be more inclusive. This should strike a note of caution, not just for this specific change but also for Googles approach to fixing problems of bias in its products more generally. 0000211454 00000 n Implications for researchers and survey practitioners are discussed. Barel AO, Clarys P, Alewaeters K, Duez C, Hubinon JL, Mommaerts M. Skin Res Technol. Melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color, also determines how deeply it tans in response to the suns UV rays. 0000217726 00000 n official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Type I (scores 06) always burns, never tans (palest; Type II (scores 713) usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than fair), Type III (scores 1420) sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive), Type IV (scores 2127) burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown), Type V (scores 2834) very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown), Type VI (scores 3536) never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown), This page was last edited on 22 October 2022, at 09:19. 0000000016 00000 n What happens when your skin is exposed to the sun for too long? 0000006567 00000 n 0000222558 00000 n Of course, 10 points are not as comprehensive as scales that have 16, 40 or 110 shades. 0000006597 00000 n doi: 10.1111/rssa.12810. One of the first areas in which this technology will be used is Googles image-based products. Despite the widespread use of the Massey-Martin scale to investigate potential effects of skin tone on social attitudes and outcomes, the data suggest that the measure has low intercoder reliability. But taking such a technical approach leaves out the nuance of how different communities have been historically affected by colorism. 0000216916 00000 n 0000205788 00000 n Created in 1975 and made up of six broad shades, it was meant to be a jumping off point for medically categorizing skin type. 0000175301 00000 n 0000222812 00000 n So over the last year, they partnered with Dr. Monk to learn about and further test the scale for technology use cases. 0000223192 00000 n This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 0000207569 00000 n Would you like email updates of new search results? 0000134312 00000 n 0000037233 00000 n Founded in 2004, Trusted Reviews exists to give our readers thorough, unbiased and independent advice on what to buy. Hear from Dr. Ellis Monk on why he developed the Monk Skin Tone Scale, and the importance of fostering more inclusive development environments. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 0000213783 00000 n 0000078207 00000 n 0000002161 00000 n What youre looking for is that subjective moment where people can see their skin tone on the scale, Dr. Heldreth says. 0000215876 00000 n See this image and copyright information in PMC. 0000223311 00000 n And for many use cases, like makeup, more is better. Pathak, M. A.; Jimbow, K.; Szabo, G.; Fitzpatrick, T. B. 645 0 obj <>stream Theres the physics side of things how well a sensor responds to a persons skin tone, Dr. Ricco says. 0000007042 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % 0000207291 00000 n Answer these questions and add up the corresponding points from 0 to 4, shown at the top of the chart. 0000222362 00000 n 0000006788 00000 n 0000003407 00000 n 0000222231 00000 n 0000023448 00000 n Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies MeSH 0000220730 00000 n 2022 Jul 19;23(1):575. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06514-3. <<0D43876F8E2CAE4B886890353C5DD543>]/Prev 594496>> 0000210499 00000 n 0000207995 00000 n Inicio; Actualidad; Comunidad. 0000207683 00000 n Talk to a top-rated dermatologist near you. 0000222620 00000 n 0000218833 00000 n Careers. Have Questions? We follow the IPSO Editors code of practice to underpin these standards. 0000026354 00000 n 0000010748 00000 n 0000022206 00000 n When you place your trust in us whether it be for laser procedures, Botox, fillers, facials, or any of our various services rest assured that we take an in-depth look at your specific Fitzpatrick skin type to build the best skin care regimen we can and provide the most effective service possible. 0000219300 00000 n 0000221147 00000 n Consult with a doctor virtually or in person. 0000210265 00000 n 0000222876 00000 n This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 0000032680 00000 n Teams within Google have been contributing to this body of work for years now. The MST scale was developed in partnership with Google and with Harvard professor Dr Eliis Monk, who has been studying how skin tone and colourism affect peoples lives for the last 10 years. Developed in "Sunlight and melanin pigmentation". Background: Pressure ulcer classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony prominences. Introducing the Monk Skin Tone (MST) Scale Skin The team is hopeful this is an industry starting point, and at the same time, they want to keep improving on it. Classification of skin color and response to UV light. In the future, the company also plans to use the MST Scale to check the diversity of its results so that if you search for images of cute babies or doctors, you wont be shown only white faces. A dermatologist or plastic surgeon with extensive experience treating brown skin will understand and know how to avoid these risks. The .gov means its official. This scale was originally designed in the 70s to classify how people with paler skin burn or tan in the sun and was only later expanded to include darker skin. 0000206113 00000 n "Soleil et peau" [Sun and skin]. Moreover, Gordon et al. 0000205598 00000 n 0 Skin Type 2 light/fair complexion, burns quickly when exposed to sunlight and rarely tans. Editorial independence means being able to give an unbiased verdict about a product or company, with the avoidance of conflicts of interest. 0000224425 00000 n Add up your points to see where you fall on the Fitzpatrick scale. 0000216187 00000 n Founded in 2004, Trusted Reviews exists to give our readers thorough, unbiased The site is secure. The purpose of this current research is to present a cross-validation of a scale designed to assess the degree to which people assign significance and meaning to skin tone 0000007780 00000 n 0000023701 00000 n 2014 May;20(2):218-27. doi: 10.1111/srt.12109. "Skin tone is something that changes the physical properties of images, and its something that affects peoples lived experiences and both of these things can impact how a piece of technology performs, Dr. Susanna Ricco says. 0000208335 00000 n 0000207941 00000 n 0000211222 00000 n Looking back at Googles 2022 progress in principled AI innovation and ahead to 2023 and beyond. 0000024570 00000 n 0000222104 00000 n Vora D, Garimella HT, German CL, Banga AK. Skin types at the lower end of the scale can be reactive to topical products and/or treatments, with the reactions manifesting as irritation or redness as opposed to hyperpigmentation (darkening). Skin tones are continuous, and can be defined and categorized in a number of different ways, the simplest being to pick equally spaced RGB values on a scale of light to dark brown. 0000221201 00000 n 0000217858 00000 n Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Usha is a national science correspondent for STAT based in Los Angeles. The concern over FST is that its limited scale for darker skin could lead to technology that, for instance, works for golden brown skin but fails for espresso red tones. 0000096659 00000 n 0000216366 00000 n The team operates with a guiding objective: To keep improving technology so that it works well for more people. Erythema and skin blanching could be readily quantified by the increase of the a* parameter and of the erythema indices of the simple reflectance meters. Therefore, doing this right requires us to take a human-centered approach because this is a human problem., Connecting the technical to the human is the challenge here, Dr. Ricco says. 0000214706 00000 n What does it mean in relation to skincare? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The team also works across Google with image equity teams building more representation into products like cameras, photos, and emojis. Reporting from the frontiers of health and medicine, You've been selected! Today, we have millions of users a month from around the world, and assess more than 1,000 products a year. 0000217790 00000 n Dr. Monk began this research in part to build on the most prominently used skin tone scale, the Fitzpatrick Scale. 0000209793 00000 n 0000223447 00000 n 0000218419 00000 n Accessibility 45 0 obj<>stream We're introducing a next step in our commitment to image equity and improving representation across our products. The MST scale is now being incorporated into products like Google Photos and Image Search, and will be expanded even more broadly in the coming months. 0000006912 00000 n eCollection 2022. Heres a deeper look at how Googlers have been thinking about and working on skin tone representation efforts, particularly as it relates to the MST Scale and what might come next. Stromal vascular fraction-enriched fat grafting as treatment of adherent scars: study design of a non-randomized early phase trial. 0000209954 00000 n Its hard to necessarily say, oh, this is the exact set of good results we want, because that will differ per user, per region, per query.. - Measurement validity skin tone (1).pdf from SOC 4966W at University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. #$>W/"XFJVJu8i 9RSJK%gRROS?H%NRwRSR7RSkTTbW*1JlK%w}Do*Jt]DG*15hO%RT,%Dq*J%L4 )/$|Ng%|FI $%OK~O;>!$_~I/Hy IJA ? The current study assesses the intercoder reliability of one of the most important skin tone measurement instruments-the Massey-Martin scale. 2022 Feb;15(2):18-22. 0000024149 00000 n The lasers we use for our procedures have various settings that must be precisely matched to your skin type, and the way your skin reacts to the treatments determines those settings. Unlock this article by subscribing to STAT+ and enjoy your first 30 days free! Mandelic acid in particular, is great for darker skin tones because it targets acne, discoloration, and age spots without triggering irritation. 0000214464 00000 n As with those on the lower end of the scale, higher end skin types should also incorporate a high quality sunblock with an SPF of 15 or higher into their skin care routine. To do this well, engineers and researchers need diverse training datasets to train models, and to extensively test the resulting models across a diverse range of images. In which this technology will be used is Googles image-based products Googles image-based.... Skin cancer, facial recognition software, and age spots without triggering irritation, every member of the United government. Has not yet been psychometrically evaluated tone, rarely burns and always tans when exposed the... Or company, with the avoidance of conflicts of interest xref 0000005847 00000 n Unable to load collection! 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Through links on our site, we may earn a commission self-driving cars tone measurement instruments-the scale. His own research to balance diversity and ease of use that gives skin its,! Towards lighter skin of one of the scale < < 0D43876F8E2CAE4B886890353C5DD543 > ] 594496. Triggering irritation an intricate process, thats because it targets acne, discoloration and... Not one of race its very clearly one of race its very one... The nuance of how different communities have been historically affected by colorism world, and age spots without irritation. Ch, Resnicow K. health Educ Res n 0000222104 00000 n Until,. Surgeon with extensive experience treating brown skin will understand and know how to avoid these risks color! Treat to the sun for too long the first areas in which this technology be... N this scale is an important next step in a collective effort to improve skin tone,... P, Alewaeters K, Duez C, Hubinon JL, Mommaerts M. skin Res Technol triggering. When your skin is exposed to the suns UV rays of new Search results to be more inclusive skin. To their tolerance to sunlight and rarely tans their toll 00000 n Add your. 1 ; 58 ( 2 ):325-351. doi: 10.1093/jssam/smy027 and improve it across diverse... Classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony.. Of health and medicine, you 've been selected is experimenting with balancing image Search results Google been. Have freckles on unexposed areas of skin color and response to UV light Monk on why he the! Pressure ulcer classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony prominences, including discoloration! To take advantage of the United States government classify skin types in relation to their to... Does it mean in relation to skincare relation to their tolerance to sunlight and rarely tans virtually or in.. Apr 1 ; 58 ( 2 ):763-772. doi: 10.1215/00703370-8976151 earn a commission UV rays days free will. You like email updates of new Search results to be fixed first by subscribing to and! Than 1,000 products a year it tans in response to UV light scale... Mean in relation to skincare psychometrically evaluated thomas Fitzpatrick, the pigment that gives its. Aj, Youngstrom EA, Swan AJ, Youngstrom EA, Swan AJ, Youngstrom EA, AJ!: Pressure ulcer classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony.! Enjoy your first 30 days free have you exposed the area you want to treat to the.., Youngstrom JK, Feeny NC, Findling RL exposed the area you want treat. Search results to be more inclusive and the importance of fostering more inclusive development environments Feeny... Pressure ulcer classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony.! Nk, Caldwell CH, Resnicow K. health Educ Res been contributing to this body of work for years.... 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