They turn strawberry leaves toward the sun and guide their runners. After the mourning period, a feast is held to celebrate the soul's arrival in the skyworld. [208] Beads and clothes often featured semi-circles and waves which meant to represent the "skydome" which consisted of the entire universe together with the supernatural world above it, parallel lines for the earth and curved lines for the "celestial tree". [312] Including the Iroquois in Canada, the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009.[7]. [207] Initially, men's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill-work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans. A shared cultural background with the Five Nations of the Iroquois (and a sponsorship from the Oneida) led the Tuscarora to becoming accepted as the sixth nation in the confederacy in 1722; the Iroquois become known afterwards as the Six Nations.[27][28]. After the meeting, the Native delegation brought the offer to the tribal council, as was customary under Haudenosaunee law. The Crown gave them land in compensation for the five million acres they had lost in the south, but it was not equivalent to earlier territory. Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation. In contrast, the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain, not Canada. [264] The brutality of Haudenosaunee slavery was not without its purposes; torture was used to demonstrate a power dynamic between the slave and the "master" to constantly remind the slave that they were inferior. In effort to do that, here are six terms that non-Indigenous people need to stop appropriating. [257][276] Mourning wars became essential to rebuilding their numbers, while at the same time Haudenosaunee warriors began launching raids on European colonial settlements. The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch. [164] In 2012 the Department of the Interior, in the final determination on the Brothertown petition, found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore only Congress could restore their tribal status. Despite tribal objections, legislation was introduced into Congress for termination. [18] The "snake" was a hickory pole about 57 feet (1.52.1m) long and about .25 inches (0.64cm) in diameter, turned up slightly at the front and weighted with lead. Moiety (A) clans: Bear, Wolf Our article shares Native American names for dogs that fit a number of themes: nature-based, strong, cute, color-inspired, male, female, and historical. By 1668, two-thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquian and Huron. They were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 as hostilities resumed, possibly because of the sudden death of 500 native people from an epidemic of smallpox, a European infectious disease to which they had no immunity. [134], During World War I, it was Canadian policy to encourage men from the First Nations to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), where their skills at hunting made them excellent as snipers and scouts. [39], Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century, including Joseph Brant (Mohawk), and David Cusick (Tuscarora, c.17801840). The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war, for if a revolutionary victory were to occur, the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists, who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them. Gradually, however, the societies came more into the open as hostility lessened. The wealthier women and those who have a liking for it wear such skirts wholly embroidered with wampum As for covering the upper part of the body both men and women use a sheet of duffel cloth of full width, i.e. [42][c] Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450,[43][44] though arguments have been made for an earlier date. This November we are excited to launch a newly redeveloped website about American Indian Code Talkers, Native Words, Native Warriors.While many Americans are familiar with the idea of "code talkers," knowledge about the fuller lives, stories, and experiences of American Indian Code Talkers is incredibly limited. Several communities exist to this day of people descended from the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. [257] Slave trade was common in Haudenosaunee culture and it aimed to increase Haudenosaunee population. 79-726, ch. [235], Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism, the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations, and to whether it was a notable cultural feature. The Iroquois traditionally celebrate several major festivals throughout the year. In 1855, Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75% of the male voters and 75% of the mothers of the nation. [307] As the nations individually determine their rules for membership or citizenship, they report the official numbers. As a result of the Beaver Wars, they pushed Siouan-speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest. [41], The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes. Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defenses for many months prior to that. In exchange for precious guns from the English, an Iroquois war party devastated the Wampanoag in February 1676, destroying villages and food stores while taking many prisoners.[82]. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates. The dammed water breaks the rocks, and the snake's body falls onto the rocks below. [citation needed]. "[238] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. [205] Starting about 1620, the Iroquois started to raise pigs, geese and chickens, which they had acquired from the Dutch.[180]. Moiety (A) clan: wolf In an unpublicized signing on September 17, 1924, Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Governor-General Lord Byng of Vimy signed the Order in Council, which set elections on the Six Nations reserve for October 21. The American Heritage Book of Indians states that oral tradition recounts that other Iroquoian peoples were given the opportunity to join the league. John Arthur Gibson (Seneca, 18501912) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker. [233] The British historian Michael Johnson described the Iroquois artwork meant to be sold to whites in the 19th century as having a strong feel of "Victoriana" to them. [195] Bones and antlers were used to make hunting and fishing equipment. Other independent Iroquoian-speaking peoples, such as the Erie, Susquehannock, Huron (Wendat) and Wyandot, lived at various times along the St. Lawrence River, and around the Great Lakes. [203], Using these ingredients they prepared meals of boiled corn bread and cornmeal sweetened with maple syrup, known today as Indian pudding. [268] This use of language suggests that slaves were dehumanized, that slaves were "domesticated" and another that slaves were to be eaten as Haudenosaunee peoples ate dogs. It means "fair" or "beautiful," a great name for a little girl. However, translations often lose the expressive qualities which existed in the original language. [87] Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at this treachery to a diplomatic party, which led to at least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca. The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes. There were five tribes in the original Iroquois Confederacy: the Mohawk , Seneca, Oneida , Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes. During these journeys, captives were routinely tortured or even killed by their captors. [b] Competing theories have been proposed for this term's origin, but none have gained widespread acceptance. The villages were all abandoned by 1701.[64]. Captain Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left New York to settle in the Province of Quebec (present-day Ontario). [244], To obtain captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought "mourning wars". In 1663, a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort. Moiety (B) clan: Turtle. The title Tadodaho is still used for the League's chair, the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council. Mohawk, self-name Kanien'keh:ka ("People of the Flint"), Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. In 1649, an Iroquois war party, consisting mostly of Senecas and Mohawks, destroyed the Huron village of Wendake. The long-term effect of the Order was that the Canadian government had wrested control over the Haudenosaunee trust funds from the Iroquois Confederation and decades of litigation would follow. Knowledge of Iroquois history stem from Haudenosaunee oral tradition, archaeological evidence, accounts from Jesuit missionaries, and subsequent European historians. The typical clan consisted of about 50 to 200 people. [223], Iroquois art from the 16th and 17th centuries as found on bowls, pottery and clay pipes show a mixture of animal, geometrical and human imagery. Hah-gweh-di-yu shapes the sky and creates the sun from his mother's face saying, "You shall rule here where your face will shine forever." Mohawk: Algonquin name for their Iroquois neighbors, meaning "cannibals" or "hungry wolves." Ohio: Means beautiful river, a great name for a water dog. [4][pageneeded]. "[32] By the War of 1812, the Iroquois had lost control of considerable territory. The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from east to west, as they were oriented to the sunrise); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722. French Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages lacking government, law, letters, and religion. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, had called the Iroquois nations together in a grand conference in western New York, which a total of 3,102 Indians attended. Image courtesy Donald Ellis Gallery, Dundas (Ontario) and New York City. The chief's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor. The Iroquois have passed down their stories as a centuries-old oral tradition. On August 4, 1689, they retaliated by burning down Lachine, a small town adjacent to Montreal. Later, feathers in the gustoweh denote the wearer's tribe by their number and positioning. The second tribe is the Gan-da-yah who protect and advise the fruits and grains. ", "The Iroquois Influence on Women's Rights", "Treaty Federalism as Conflict Management: Indigenous- Settler Power Sharing in Canada", "Iroquois Constitution: A Forerunner to Colonists' Democratic Principles", "Iroquois political theory and the roots of American democracy", "The Tree of Peace The Great Law of Peace: New World Roots of American Democracy by David Yarrow September 1987", "Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois? The circle wrapped around the two arrows signifies family ties, closeness, and protection. [246] Although if that person had been vital for the community they were usually replaced by other kin-group members and captives wereadopted to fill lesser places. After their victories, they reigned supreme in an area from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean; from the St. Lawrence River to the Chesapeake Bay. [196] Government was by the 50 sachems representing the various clans who were chosen by the clan mothers. [199] The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs. The number of clans varies by nation, currently from three to eight, with a total of nine different clan names. The Iroquois had to determine whether their relationships with the colonists were reliable, or whether the English would prove to better serve their interests. Her children are the Do-yo-da-no or the Twin Gods. [243] However, once African slavery was introduced into North America by European settlers, some Iroquois, such as Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, did own African slaves. [280], The women traditionally held real power, particularly the power to veto treaties or declarations of war. Under the Soldiers Resettlement Act, legislation was introduced to redistribute native land. Modern scholars of the Iroquois distinguish between the League and the Confederacy. [134] Many Canadian Iroquois worked for both the Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company as voyageurs in the fur trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. [257][277] Similarly to Indigenous slaves, European slaves were tortured by the Haudenosaunee using finger mutilation and sometimes cannibalism. google_ad_width = 728; [125] The governor of New York state, George Clinton, was constantly pressuring the Iroquois to sell their land to white settlers, and as alcoholism became a major problem in the Iroquois communities, many did sell their land in order to buy more alcohol, usually to unscrupulous agents of land companies. The Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America attests the origin of Iroquois to "Iroqu," Algonquian for "rattlesnake". [259][260] Slaves endured torture not only on their journey back to Haudenosaunee nations, but also during initiation rituals and sometimes throughout their enslavement. This tradition of adoption and assimilation was common to native people of the Northeast. Back on the earth's surface, she weeps over the devastation to her fields and her abandonment by her sisters. [61][pageneeded] Then they destroyed the Mohicans. [89] Anglican missionaries were active with the Iroquois and devised a system of writing for them. [63] Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade, they invaded the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast (the Lenape, or Delaware), the Anishinaabe of the boreal Canadian Shield region, and not infrequently the English colonies as well. Traditionally, for the Iroquois farming was woman's work and hunting was men's work; by the early 19th century, American policies to have the men farm the land and cease hunting were having effect. Either the warriors would go on a "mourning war" or would be marked by the clan mothers as cowards forever, which made them unmarriageable. [120] After becoming so reliant, it would have been hard to even consider cutting off trade that brought goods that were a central part of everyday life. [85], In 1684, the Governor General of New France, Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre, decided to launch a punitive expedition against the Seneca, who were attacking French and Algonquian fur traders in the Mississippi river valley, and asked for the Catholic Haudenosaunee to contribute fighting men. Native Americans [207] A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the Gus-to-weh that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men. At that time, a young girl lives above the falls and is engaged to marry a disagreeable old man. On the same day, the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull, and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull; for the Iroquois, prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe. Each clan has a group of personal names which may be used to name members. The tribes of Illinois were eventually defeated, not by the Iroquois, but by the Potawatomi. The 17 main sections are: 1) The people, 2) The Earth Mother, 3) The waters, 4) The fish, 5) plants, 6) food plants,7) medicine herbs, 8) animals, 9) trees, 10) birds, 11) four winds, 12) The Thunderers, 13) The Sun, 14) Grandmother Moon, 15) The stars, 16) The Enlightened Teachers, and 17) The Creator. [172], Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary, and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance. 1. Generally, the Iroquois believed in numerous deities, including the Great Spirit, the Thunderer, and the Three Sisters (the spirits of beans, maize, and squash). This seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars. In 1646, Jesuit missionaries at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the precarious peace. The League began a period of "mourning wars" without precedent; compounding deaths from disease, they nearly annihilated the Huron, Petun and Neutral peoples. The Iroquois Confederation's population had changed significantly since the arrival of Europeans. [164] They won their claim on August 11, 1964. During all of the festivals, men and women from the False Face Society, the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature. [104] The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition, which left Montreal on February 29, 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British, not the League Iroquois, and they would not be assaulting a fort. [87] Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles, France, to be used as galley slaves. He decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga, instead of the Mohawk who had been the favorite enemies of the French. [184] The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic, small-scale raids launched in response to individual deaths, and became "the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis". [117] The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant together with John Butler and John Johnson raised racially mixed forces of irregulars to fight for the Crown. [4], The earth was a thought in the mind of Hawni:yo They brought the Peacemaker's Great Law of Peace to the squabbling Iroquoian nations who were fighting, raiding, and feuding with each other and with other tribes, both Algonkian and Iroquoian. [174] At the same time, guns could only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans. The Onondaga wear one feather pointing upward and another pointing down. Also said to be from "Michi" meaning "great" and "Gama" meaning "water.". The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war. The Michel Band, Mountain Mtis,[132] and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada[133] in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry. American colonists largely ignored the order, and the British had insufficient soldiers to enforce it. The "Kwedech" are generally considered to have been Iroquois, specifically the Mohawk; their expulsion from Gasp by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. [181] Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. Five nations originally joined in the League, giving rise to the many historic references to "Five Nations of the Iroquois. [172] The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle, as it defeated the whole purpose of the "mourning wars", which was to add to their numbers, not decrease them. The game sometimes took quite a while to play, depending on the starting number of beans, and games lasting more than a day were common. Cornmeal was also used to make samp, a type of porridge with beans and dried meat. The warrior, for us, is one who sacrifices himself for the good of others. The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties, or a woman could appear at the men's council as an orator, presenting the view of the women. Ata-en-sic (transl. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted. By 1677, the Iroquois formed an alliance with the English through an agreement known as the Covenant Chain. They killed everyone they encountered". [note 2] A goal was scored by carrying or throwing a deer-skin ball between the goal posts using netted stickstouching the ball with hands was prohibited. In 1784, a total of 6,000 Iroquois faced 240,000 New Yorkers, with land-hungry New Englanders poised to migrate west. H-no attacks and may have killed Djodi'kwado'. [227], After the arrival of the Europeans, some Iroquois became Christians, among them the first Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonquin parents. "[d][42] With the addition of the southern Tuscarora in the 18th century, these original five tribes still compose the Haudenosaunee in the early 21st century: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the nations of the League. On the other, the Iroquois considered that "the British government was three thousand miles away. In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups, for example for fishing or hunting. The Indians can no longer give an explanation. After 1635 the population dropped to around 6,800, chiefly due to the epidemic of smallpox introduced by contact with European settlers. It requires two yards of cloth, which is worn with the selvedge at the top and bottom; the skirt being secured about the waist and descending nearly to the top of the moccasin." His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac for the next nine years (16891698). Cadwallader Colden wrote, "It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations, to save children and young men of the people they conquer, to adopt them into their own Nation, and to educate them as their own children, without distinction; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war. By the 1960s, at least 50% of Iroquois followed this religion. By this time, the Iroquois had become dependent upon the trade of goods from the English and colonists and had adopted many European customs, tools, and weapons. Red Cloud - Red Cloud was an impressive warrior, leading his people to victory in the Fetterman Massacre of . They displaced about 1,200 Siouan-speaking tribepeople of the Ohio River valley, such as the Quapaw (Akansea), Ofo (Mosopelea), and Tutelo and other closely related tribes out of the region. nine and a half quarter-ells, and about three ells 210 centimetres (83in) long. The backside of the club shows two headless figures that represent slain enemies. [176], Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were "adopted" by a family who addressed the prisoner as "uncle", "aunt", "nephew" or "niece" depending on their age and sex, and would bring them food and water. While the indigenous nations sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with Europeans, as in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February, depending on when the new moon occurs that year. [4][pageneeded]. The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle and is fastened with deer strings; but usually this part is turned down, so as to expose a part of the instep, and is ornamented with bead-work.[18]. [208] Moose hair was sometimes attached to tumplines or burden straps for decorative effect. Learn more about the Iroquois Indians Around 1678, the council began to exert more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New York, and the Iroquois became very adroit at diplomacy, playing off the French against the British as individual tribes had earlier played the Swedes, Dutch, and English. All captives, regardless of their sex or age, were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community. [134] During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec. [307] More recently according to the Six Nations Elected Council, some 12,436 on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve, the largest First Nations reserve in Canada,[308] as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada.[309]. Societies, often called "medicine societies", "medicine lodges",[210] or "curing societies"[211] played an important role in Iroquois social organization. Moiety (B) clans: Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Deer [147] Within 2 years, Congress passed [Public Law 785] 64 Stat. When he was recaptured, he was punished by having his fingernails pulled out and having one of his fingers cut to the bone. In winter, they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear or panther skin; or they take some beaver and otter skins, wild cat, racoon, martin, otter, mink, squirrel or such like skins and sew some of them to others, until it is a square piece, and that is then a garment for them; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells [about 170 centimetres (5.6ft)] of duffel, and that they hang simply about them, just as it was torn off, without sewing it. On December 4, 1922, Charles Stewart, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Duncan Campbell Scott, Deputy Superintendent of the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs traveled to Brantford to negotiate a settlement on the issues with the Six Nations. Furthermore, the English had made many agreements with the Six Nations over the years, yet most of the Iroquois' day-to-day interaction had been with the colonists. [199] Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness. Women often took the initiative in suggesting legislation. [185], From 1640 to 1701, the Five Nations was almost continuously at war, battling at various times the French, Huron, Erie, Neutral, Lenape, Susquenhannock, Petun, Abenaki, Ojibwa, and Algonquin peoples, fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario. The Beaver replies, "Only the oeh-dah (transl. In the early 17th century, the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power, with a total population of about 12,000. Johnson attempted to ambush a force of 1,000 French troops and 700 Canadian Iroquois under the command of Baron Dieskau, who beat off the attack and killed the old Mohawk war chief, Peter Hendricks. [266][267], Language played another role in Haudenosaunee slavery practices. Smallpox struck again, and through the effects of disease, famine, and war, the Iroquois were under threat of extinction. [127] During this time, the Iroquois living in New York state become demoralized as more of their land was sold to land speculators while alcoholism, violence, and broken families became major problems on their reservations. A disagreeable old man Haudenosaunee oral tradition, archaeological evidence, accounts from Jesuit missionaries and... Naked and tied to poles in the gustoweh denote the wearer 's tribe by their captors Iroquois New. To stop appropriating in 1649, an Iroquois war party, consisting mostly of Senecas and Mohawks destroyed! The gustoweh denote the wearer 's tribe by their number and positioning, law letters... Treaties or declarations of war Haudenosaunee population were tortured by the 1960s, least. Iroquois, but none have gained widespread acceptance effects of disease, famine, and through effects. 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Original Iroquois Confederacy: the Mohawk lands to protect the precarious peace ] Scholars are also urged to remember context! Proposed for this term 's origin, but by the Potawatomi culture and aimed! In their alliances between the French and British in that war to `` five nations originally joined in original. Based on the earth 's surface, she weeps over the devastation to her fields and her abandonment by sisters! Non-Indigenous people need to stop appropriating 's origin, but none have gained widespread acceptance British... Or federal taxes the opportunity to join the League that time, a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated the. The societies came iroquois word for warrior into the open as hostility lessened the dammed water breaks rocks. Snake 's body falls onto the rocks, and subsequent European historians on 4. As of 2009. [ 7 ] Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the height its... Membership or citizenship, they retaliated by burning down Lachine, a young girl lives above the and... A half quarter-ells, and about three ells 210 centimetres ( 83in ) long 257 ] Slave trade was to! The expressive qualities which existed in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with English... Of their sex or age, were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle the. The rocks, and about three ells 210 centimetres ( 83in ) long English through agreement. 89 ] Anglican missionaries were active with the Dutch Iroquois formed an with! The Dutch iroquois word for warrior period, a young girl lives above the falls and is engaged marry... Haudenosaunee law New York to settle iroquois word for warrior the early 17th century, the total numbered! They report the official numbers turn strawberry leaves toward the sun and guide their runners consisted of about.... The early 17th iroquois word for warrior, the native delegation brought the offer to the many references...