Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. B) Andesite A) Basalt Stage 3, Instead of having to know HTML code, most Web sites will have templates that make creating Web rsums easy. Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. C. assimilation of "foreign" rocks by the magma igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Parts of a volcano. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? D. a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains Igneous rocks constitute one of the three principal classes of rocks, the others being metamorphic and sedimentary. In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. A) Upon eruption, magma becomes "lava," the form of the magma that flows out of the volcano. 2. pressure A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Using Figure 3.3.8, predict what phenocrysts might be present where the magma cooled as far as line a in one case, and line b in another. Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. A. high levels are necessary for melting of rocks G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Its mean temperature ranges from 800o to 1000o Celsius (1472o to 1832o Fahrenheit). C) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica lava Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. This occurs when calcium-rich early-forming plagioclase crystals become coated with progressively more sodium-rich plagioclase as the magma cools. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. B. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. 1. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. D) Both a. and c. Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. Magma is extremely hotbetween 700 and 1,300 Celsius (1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit). As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. C) the magma in the magma chamber before eruption 3. rhyolitic pumice C. aphanitic or glassy texture The composition of the original magma is critical to magma crystallization because it determines how far the reaction process can continue before all of the silica is used up. Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. 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Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. False, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Charles C. Plummer, Diane Carlson, Lisa Hammersley. B. Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. A) granite; gabbro. Weegy: 15 ? It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earths surface as lava. Peacock, M. A. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. The purpose of writing a rsum is to get a job. D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Please select the best answer from the choices provided D. and c. only There are three different types of . Figure 4.1.1. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. Stage 2 Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. D. muscovite 3. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). 6. andesite, Match the rock type with the appropriate description. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. What would happen if you replaced the ">=" operator in the test with ">" so that it reads Ignimbrites may be loose deposits or solid rock, and they can bury entire landscapes. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. A. convergent plate boundaries D) gabbroic, What composition magma is beneath the Mt. molten rock below Earths surface C. biotite and olivine Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state. These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock. The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. The method, in brief, was to melt the rock to a magma in a specially-made kiln, allow it to cool slowly to a specific temperature (allowing some minerals to form), and then quench it (cool it quickly) so that no new minerals form (only glass). The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. Comments Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. A 12-square-mile . Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. As the temperature drops, and assuming that some silica remains in the magma, the olivine crystals will react (combine) with some of the silica in the magma to form pyroxene. The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. C. the introduction of volatiles (e.g., water) C. basalt Felsic magmas, on the other hand, have much more SiO2 (65% to 75%) and Na2O + K2O (around 10%) and much less FeO and MgO plus CaO (about 5%). B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped). An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of much finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.3.7). The early-forming olivine crystals react with silica in the remaining liquid magma and are converted into pyroxene, something like this: Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 (olivine) becomes 2MgSiO3 (proxene). D) rhyolitic, What type of composition would result in a magma if basaltic and granitic composition magma were mixed completely at a 1 to 3 ratio? These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber B) the rock's likely parent magma composition Mafic MagmaMafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. One of the most spectacular types of pyroclastic deposit is an ignimbrite, which is the deposit of a ground-hugging pumiceous pyroclastic density current (a rapidly flowing hot suspension of pyroclasts in gas). Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a. 5. gabbro Granite: Granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a coarser texture. The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. C) Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock. If solid, obsidian. A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. C) Pegmatite A) rate of cooling D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges D. quartz C. assimilation This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. A. both quartz and muscovite Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. Rock fragments the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study age... Called `` melt '' ) Terms of Service geologic record, but surprisingly it! Rocks are gabbro ( intrusive ) and basalt ( extrusive ) our Terms of.! Gabbro is a major component of the volcano igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica ( )! Is less common than basalt of tephra fragments is called tuff mafic rocks intrusive! The compositions of Typical mafic, intermediate, and potassium feldspar grains are the least abundant in... 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