(5). The villagers of Braine lAlleud largely stayed at home to prevent the troops marauding, but once the fighting was over there is clear evidence that some of the villagers turned looters and when caught were actually executed on the spot. This seems to be a perpetuated myth. The other side of the glorious medal thank you. For eight grueling hours, the armies exchanged cannon shots, gunfire and sabre strikes, leaving, 50,000 soldiers captured, wounded or dead, . http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/orchard-clue-to-lost-legion-of-waterloo-dead-mvrcpd29f. Each one instantly looked about him, and there lay stretched before us a plain trampled, bare, and devastated, all the trees cut down within a few feet from the surface, and farther off craggy hills, the highest of which appeared misshapen, and bore a striking resemblance to an extinguished volcano. What a telling anecdote, and an excellent quote. I cant locate it now and am wondering if you are familiar with it ? Officers have compared the discharge from the cannon to discharges of musketry. The ground was strewed so completely with shreds of cartridge paper, pieces of leather, and hats, letters, songs, memorandum books, &c., as to resemble, in a great measure, the place where some vast fair had been held, and where several parties of gypsies had lighted fires at intervals, to cook their victuals. Pollard then collated newspaper clippings from the era to demonstrate that people commonly looted human bones and sold them to make fertilizer. There are perhaps 15 or 16 legs taken off for one arm, there are not many bayonet wounds. (They returned to the field a month after the battle to recover equipment and recover the dead.) After Napoelon's defeat at Waterloo, his supporters in France turned against him. (3). This comprises the period of 1793-1815, and includes British general officers who were serving in the British Army or attached to the allied Portuguese Army. You mention the remains of a British soldier at Waterloo would that be in reference to the skeleton that was found during the construction of a car park, and turned out to be German? Brown University Library Pollard then collated newspaper clippings from the era to demonstrate that people commonly looted human bones and sold them to make fertilizer. Napoleon was a master tactician who . Men and horses were laid pell-mell in the same heap, and set on fire in order to preserve us from pestilence. Napoleon's Hundred Days had come to an end. But perhaps the horses called forth even greater pity from those that witnessed their terrible suffering. Thank you so much for your time, BRB. Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton was one of the senior Allied officers killed at the Battle of Waterloo. After his surrender, Napoleon was permanently exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821 at the age of 51. The two-century-old mystery of Waterloo's skeletal remains. Captain Jean-Roche Coignet wrote after the Battle of Marengo (1800): We saw the battlefield covered with Austrian and French soldiers who were picking up the dead and placing them in piles and dragging them along with their musket straps. After they had been stripped, the bodies were either burned, buried, or left in the open to decompose, a process aided by vultures, wolves and other scavengers. Allied Army: 3,500 Killed 10,200 Wounded 3,300 Missing, Prussian Army: 1,200 Killed 4,400 Wounded 1,400 Missing, French Army: 25,000 Killed and Wounded 8,000 Prisoners , 15,000 Missing 220 Guns Lost, Waterloo Association 2020. Traumatic stuff that like dressing stations and field hospitals is not usually featured in war movies. Thanks, David. Jamestown, the capital of St. Helena is visible in the background. Unusually, he was present at both the Battle of Trafalgar (as an officer of marines) and the Battle of Waterloo (as the commander of the Imperial Guard). Many came to steal the belongings of the dead, some even stole teeth to make into dentures, while others came to simply observe what had happened, Pollard says in a press release. The Bruxellois, the women in particular, have testified the utmost humanity towards the poor sufferers, Of the total loss, one in 7 or 8 may be killed, the rest are wounded. While researching my own book on the battle of Imjin River (Korea, April, 1951) veterans interviewed recalled their worst experience as being, not the combat, but the battlefield clearance. hold back his cannons to shoot when the French advanced. Posted on January 12, 2016. The battle of waterloo was a devastating event for the armies involved as well as the village itself. Thanks the watercolours are fascinating. The decisive battle of its age, it concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever. Of course it was not very detailed and of course medical knowledge then was not as advanced as today. Astonishingly, the bullet missed Howard's head entirely and the soldier only found the musket ball hole after the battle. However, mid channel, with no wind, the ship was becalmed. Napoleonic Wars, Belgium, 19th century. When Napoleon met his Waterloo, he wasn't actually in Waterloo. Astonishingly, the bullet missed Howard's head entirely and the soldier only found the musket ball hole after the battle. The field of the Battle of Waterloo was a terrifying and shocking place to be that night and for the following few days. a very normal, decent, useful and pretty human job. Thanks for this very appropriate quote, Alphonse-Louis. He had as usual taken off his clothes, but had not washed himself. Thank you, Jason. They would have to lie in their own gore, with little or no chance of a single drop of water to relieve their raging thirst and praying that the small army of marauding camp followers and soldiers who spread out across the fields like locusts would spare their lives as their looming rush torches warned of their approach. Dr Kevin Linch, a University of Leeds expert in the Napoleonic wars, who is not involved in the work, said there was a good case for arguing that the bones of the dead were taken for use as fertiliser, although other activities, such as ploughing or scavenging by animals, could have led to their dispersal. It was a warm day. On the basis of these accounts, backed up by the well attested importance of bone meal in the practice of agriculture, the emptying of mass graves at Waterloo in order to obtain bones seems feasible, and the likely conclusion, Pollard concludes in a press release. I am very much reluctant to believe that there is any truth with regards to Waterloo in 1815, that bones were in later years unearthed to be used as fertilizer. Hand-colored engraving 18.7 x 23.2 cm He was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in September 2014. He calmly asked us to cut off his injured arm, or have somebody do it, since it was inconveniencing him very much. The artist was James Rouse and, according to an advertisement for Mudfords book in The Quarterly Review of April 1, 1816, the engravings were made from drawings taken on the spot. Readers who are interested can view the prints online in the McGill University Napoleon Collection. The Prince Regent and Duke of York were attending a Ball held by Mr & Mrs Boehm at their home at 16 St Jamess Square. The Battles of Quatre-Bras and Ligny Ney, Michel The first French troops crossed into the southern Netherlands on June 15, and by day's end, through skillful and audacious maneuvering, Napoleon had secured all of his essential strategic needs. After several thwarted escape attempts, he requested protection from the Prince Regent of Britain in a letter dated July 13th, and gained asylum from the British Army during negotiations on board the Bellerophone. (8). Belgian anthropologist Mathilde Daumas shows the skull of a soldier who fought in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, in which the French Army under the command of Napoleon was defeated and marked. Legs, arms, and heads lay on the ground. as all senior officers were dead or wounded. They reached Broadstairs at 3 p.m. on 21 June and Percy, still accompanied by White, rode a chaise and four for London with the eagles sticking out of the windows and their flags streaming behind as they galloped through the Kent countryside. Why Do We Give Red Roses On Valentines Day? Structures like the Chateau dHougoumont, a large farmhouse that was central to the combat, incurred great damage and still bear the scars today. Thanks for identifying the painting, Spencer. They roughly turned over the, to be harvested at leisure. We look at the three men . In 1819 her husband became a bankrupt and the house had to be sold. Jun 18, 2015. I hope you enjoy the novel. But Pollard also acknowledges that written accounts and artwork arent the nail in the coffin. It makes the history more real and more immediate. For eight grueling hours, the armies exchanged cannon shots, gunfire and sabre strikes, leaving 50,000 soldiers captured, wounded or dead. The front two ranks knelt down, muskets held at 45 degrees to present a hedge of bayonets to any attacker. The victors looted from the fallen of both sides. (6). Watch Yesterday live on UKTV Play. During Napoleons Russian campaign, remains lingered for months. Volunteer Charles Smith of the 95th Rifles found her body, as he helped to bury the dead after the battle. As Lieutenant Henry Dehnel of the 3rd Line Battalion K.G.L. I seem to remember that Janetschek includes a memoir about Austerlitz about a year after the battle. I am sure the artist had been to the battle field although it is not clear when. Battle of Waterloo 1815. Best wishes, Tim, After Wagram, the French forced the citizens of Vienna to go out on to the Marchfeld to clear up. The jerk which the man gave me no doubt had restored me to my senses. If we research the records of those fallen we will see the following causes of death: fever, wounds, dysentry and just died on such date which is usually the date of or just after a battle. Presumably she blamed Percy for that as well. The stoicism of many soldiers during the battle is however, hard almost to believe. But despite this international effort it cannot be denied that many wounded died unnecessarily because of poor facilities and too late an intervention. I was working from an earlier article, which said the remains were British. On this desolate spot lay thirty thousand half-devoured corpses; while a pile of skeletons on the summit of one of the hills overlooked the whole. Mr Glover said: 'No-one. Constable drew a series of sketches of Waterloo about a year later. Wow. Id like to think that in cases where a regiment was able to identify its dead members, an effort was made to notify the next of kin, and Ive come across references to Napoleon occasionally dictating such letters, but I dont know how often this happened in practice. Many terribly mutilated men implored their colleagues to put them out of their miseries with a ball to the head, few are honest enough to recall these situations and none are brave enough to admit that they did release their sufferings. 1. A great number of the wounds are from cannon balls. The depiction of post-battle scavenging in Napoleon in America is based on fact. But those unfortunate to be operated on, many hours if not days after the initial trauma had occurred, suffered severely as the surgeons hastily amputated without any anaesthetic and often with blunted instruments. We did not begrudge them this kind of harvest as small compensation for the devastation by both armies of the cornfields far and wide, The medical practitioners of the city have been put in requisition, and are ordered to make domiciliary visits at every housein order to dress the wounds of the patients. Bodies were buried in some places in their hundreds in big pits, but in other places they were buried singly or in small groups the graves were likened to molehills stretched out across the fields, said Pollard. Not wishing to be the man who would have to explain their loss to the Duke, Frazer negotiated with the Prussian officer who commanded there, and very fortunately persuaded him to relinquish those which bore the British chalk marks on them and had them returned to Waterloo before the Duke became aware of their loss. Sadler's painting of the British infantry at Waterloo gives us an idea of the churning mass of men involved in the battle and how they might have looked amid the smoke. The last major battle of the Napoleonic wars. say they have taken a suspect into custody after a 57-year-old woman was found dead inside a home in . Also, I remember, as a child, seeing a famous and excellently well done painting of the post Waterloo battlefield during the night with a full moon. In this condition they are sent chiefly to Doncaster, one of the largest agricultural markets in that part of the country, and are there sold to the farmers to manure their lands. Hello Shannon, I have never understood why Napoleon is considered a hero by many. A number were certainly helped by this initiative, but soon the regiments were ordered to march on into France and many of their compatriots lying further away from the main scene of the fighting would remain unattended for another day or sometimes more. (4). A pyre at Hougoumont after the Battle of Waterloo, by James Rouse, 1816. Many now drove there with wagons, to gather any leftovers. Do you know the artist and its title ? The Battle of Waterloo ended Napoleon Bonaparte's rule as French Emperor. Most wounds of the limbs are in the lower extremities. After the Battle of Waterloo, local peasants were hired to clean up the battlefield, supervised by medical staff. This gouache is a copy of Charles Auguste Steubens well-known picture. There were not enough hospitals, so churches, public buildings, large private residences and even the streets were turned into makeshift wards. In 1816, satirical poet Eaton Stannard Barrett wrote: Every one now returns from abroad, either Beparised or Bewaterlooed. Caving to a coalition of mainly British, Dutch and Prussian armies under the command of the Duke of Wellington, the defeat marked the end of one of the bloodiest battles in history. By July 8th, the victorious European powers ensured that King Louis XVIIIs rule was restored for the second time. At the end of the day on June 18th, 1815, Napoleon, mounted on his horse, makes his way through a mass of dead, wounded, and retreating soldiers. Battle of Borodino: Bloodiest Day of the Napoleonic Wars, Battle of Leipzig: Largest Battle of the Napoleonic Wars. Photo National Army Museum/Relic Imaging Ltd. 3. An experienced Peninsular general, he inspired his men to stand against d'Erlon's Corps. Fears soon arose of disease spreading throughout the city, with gangrene and cholera almost certain to spread; but the pestilential air from the thousands of corpses lying on the battle field, caused even greater anxiety. "Come general, the affair is over, we have lost the day," Napoleon told one of his officers. It covers some of the same issues. Percy arrived at the port where he immediately embarked on. What did Napoleonic battlefield cleanup entail? Artist unknown The pyres had been burning for eight days and by then the fire was being fed solely by human fat. Marshal Grouchy, much maligned, fought his army back to Paris by 29 June, with the Prussians hard on his heels. For example, one clipping from The London Observer in 1822 estimates that more than a million bushels of human and inhuman bones were imported from the continent of Europe into the port of Hull.. Sounds like your family truly knows the meaning of it. He records that: I went upstairs and tapped gently at the door, when he told me to come in. But for those that survived that night, help slowly started to arrive the next morning. The Duke completed the Waterloo despatch at Brussels on 19 June and about midday his aide de camp Major Henry Percy rode off in a post chaise carrying the despatch and the two eagles on the road to Ostend on route to England. 1. He adds that locals who watched or helped with the burials might have guided grave diggers to the grave sites. The reports reveal the horror of the scene, including a morbid encounter with a human hand, almost reduced to a skeleton, outstretched out above the ground, as described by the writer Charlotte Eaton. Can you recommend any sources of paintings/sketches that give a good sense of the field as it appeared at the time that can be compared with the field today? Returning to this site, the same is found at Waterloo, in this area, https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.6795344,4.4122223,3a,75y,103.95h,90.11t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sUkhGjaTWPTs9Nw3QB75r9w!2e0!7i13312!8i6656. There would be the same type of person causing WWII ? Soldiers, Westphalians as well as Russian prisoners, were ordered to remove the corpses from the houses and the streets, and then a recleansing of the whole town was necessary before it could be occupied by the troops. It has crossed my mind on many occasions when watching battlefield scenes in films and on tv who cleans up the mess afterwards? The bones of the fallen English soldiers at the Battle of Waterloo were sold as fertilizer, a new study has suggested. I am originally from the USA. The most awful of all according to eye witnesses, were those horses that had the lower portion of their heads ripped away, few could look at these horrors impassively. Ill update the post. The aftermath of the battle, with the symbolic meeting of Wellington and Blcher at La Belle Alliance amidst the dead and dying, began the long process of political change in Europe, which resulted in several decades of peace. Orderly put him down on the table, so./ Easily, gently thanks, you may go./And its war! After three days of fighting, Napoleon's French army of 72000 men were defeated at Waterloo. Ill draw them as fast as the men are knocked down. , Butler was not the firstto make the Peninsula the scene, or the Dukes achievements the means, of such lucre; for Crouch and Harnett, two well-known Resurrectionists, had some time prior to his visit, supplied the wealthier classes of London with teeth from similar sources. The flesh had essentially been butchered away, but far from perfectly, so it had to be boiled from the bones. Percy arrived at the port where he immediately embarked on HMS Peruvian, a 16 gun brig, which sailed for Dover without delay. I cant position any of the views positively on a first view perhaps more on site research required I think. This revealed that an officer took the pay for one of the men who died from his injuries near Brussels nearly a month after the battle, leaving only Friedrich Brandt. Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/month, On June 18, 1815, the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleons army at Waterloo, marking the end of the First French Empire. ", What if Napoleon Bonaparte had escaped from St. Helena and wound up in the United States? Two Belgian and German historians and a British archaeologist made the grisly revelation, which may explain why so few skeletons were found after such a bloody conflict, reports RTBF. Now I know. Mounties in northern B.C. Really interesting article Shannon. A very good article, just as shocking as the 24 hours at Waterloo by Robert Kershaw, stripped from all the glory and heroics, which gave me another look at the battles fought in those days. Some scavengers came with pliers. As a descendant of Claudius Ash, the most renowned of the Waterloo teeth men (he was a battlefield surgeon), Im also reminded of the terrible French curse which resulted: to call someone a tire-dents, a tooth-puller is to this day fighting talk of the gravest order. a 16 gun brig, which sailed for Dover without delay. Who was the British lead by and what did he master in military? Thus collected from every quarter, they have been shipped to the port of Hull, and thence forwarded to the Yorkshire bone grinders, who have erected steam-engines and powerful machinery, for the purpose of reducing them to a granulary state. For example, one clipping from, in 1822 estimates that more than a million bushels of human and inhuman bones were imported from the continent of Europe into the port of Hull., Ancient Predators: A Guide to the Neanderthal Hunt. Battle of Waterloo 1815 by William Sadler. Burnt bodies were lying in the ruins of the houses which had been burnt, the entrance of these places being almost blockaded by cadavers. Ten days after the battle, a visitor reported seeing the flames at Hougoumont. (11). De Lancey was at Wellington's side on the day of his greatest triumphJune 18, 1815, the Battle of Waterloo. Among British cavalry casualties on 18 June was a young laird, Alexander Hay of Nunraw, who served as an ensign in the 16th . Russian workmen laying a new water pipe in Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad) discovered the the 430ft long, 23ft wide, 7ft deep pit containing the bodies of 1,837 hastily buried German soldiers. Depending on the size of the losses, the weather, and the capacities of the army and the local population, battlefield cleanup could take some time. June 2015. Mystery of Waterloo's dead soldiers to be re-examined by academics Modern techniques to test traditional explanation that most bones from 1815 battle were ground into powder for fertiliser. I have some Mudford prints from 1817. As is recognised by the Napoleonic & Revolutionary War Graves Charity, its important to find and recognise war graves from this era just as much as any other, and archaeological investigations have the potential to tell us a lot about the lives and deaths of soldiers, and may even identify some individuals burial, he said. Thats right! One of the unusual things about the remains of a soldier unearthed in 2012at the battlefield of Waterloo (1815) is that the man does not appear to have been robbed. 2. I judge that my swoon lasted four hours, and when I came to my sense I found myself in this horrible position. I think the ossuary at Marengo dates from 1805 and there has been some research on some of the bones. The normally pristine and pastoral fields and farmlands of northern Belgium were scorched from battle and riddled with wreckage. Several of these we picked up as we walked along; and I still have in my repositories, a letter evidently drenched with rain, dated April 3rd., which, from the portion still legible, must have been sent from Yorkshire; and also a leaf of a jest book, entitled The Care Killer.. My hat and my hair were full of bloodstained snow, and as I rolled my haggard eyes I must have been horrible to see. Our own party did not pass over the field without following the example of our countrymen; each of us, I believe, making his own little collection of curiosities. Percy arrived in his chaise and dashed into the house carrying the two eagles; dashing up the stairs to the ballroom on the first floor, he advanced directly towards the Prince Regent and dropping on one knee as he lay the eagles at his feet, announced Victory.Victory, Sire and presented him with the despatch. The French corpses were burned. London, J. Jenkins, 1816 http://tls509.wix.com/archaeologyawaterloo In the event the bodies couldn't be recovered, a cenotaph would be erected to serve as a monument to the individual. "If human remains have been removed on the scale proposed then there should be, at least in some cases, archaeological evidence of the pits from which they were taken, however truncated and poorly defined these might be., The Gravettian Culture that Survived an Ice Age, Examples of Gaslighting in a Relationship. Other Napoleonic battlefields were also reportedly scoured for this purpose. A great number of the wounds are from cannon balls. Shannon Selin writes historical fiction and blogs about Napoleonic and 19th century history. The study, which was published June 17, nearly 207 years to the day after the . Gareth Glover, a member of the Waterloo Association historical society, thinks the skeleton -- which was found with a bullet . William Heath (artist) He brushed them suddenly away with his left hand, and said to me in a voice tremulous with emotion, Well, thank God, I dont know what it is to lose a battle; but certainly nothing can be more painful than to gain one with the loss of so many of ones friends.. Poor Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gordons leg was amputated at a field station near the battlefield on the very door he was carried off the field with and was then carried to Wellingtons headquarters, where he later died in bed. However, mid channel, with no wind, the ship was becalmed. Of the 68000 Anglo-Allied armed forces, there were 17000 military casualties, 3,500 killed outright, 3,300 missing and over 10,000 wounded, however this compared with French losses of at least 24000 killed and up to 8000 soldiers captured according to . c. 1850 The Saw and Glove Used to Amputate the Duke of Uxbridge's Leg. All he could tell was that she was French and must have gone into the thick of the action to have reached the spot where she died. I succeeded in sitting up and spitting out the clots of blood from my throat. Thanks, Shannon, for your presentation. The Battle of Waterloo, fought on 18 June 1815, marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Scottish journalist John Scott, who visited Waterloo on August 9, 1815, seven weeks after the battle, found a 12-pound British shot, which he planned to bring home with the cuirass and other spoils of battle which I have secured. (12) Scott wrote: The extraordinary love of relics shewn by the English was a subject of no less satisfaction to the cottagers who dwelt near the field, than of ridicule to our military friends. Teeth from dead soldierswere in great demand for the making of dentures. Tony Pollard, author of the study and director of the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology at the University of Glasgow, used written accounts and artwork from early visitors to conclude that deceased soldiers were buried in several mass graves, each containing thousands of corpses. In 1814, a Russo-Prussian-Austrian coalition defeated Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Leipzig and forced the emperor into captivity on the tiny Italian island of Elba. Introduction. French General Philippe de Sgur described the scene at Borodino (1812) during the retreat from Moscow, almost two months after the battle. ASKB@Brown.edu. That night, many a camp follower earned a fortune from the corpses but their exploits later tainted the Victorian version of the battle, when every Belgian peasant was unfairly transformed into a heartless murderer. But the part that is not for show.. The hole comes from a French musket ball that was shot through the cap at the Battle of Waterloo. Given these conditions, the Westphalians had managed only a rudimentary burial on the battlefield, as attested to by SergeantAdrien Bourgogne,who came across the same sightas Sgur: [A]fter passing over a little river, we arrived at the famous battlefield [Borodino], covered all over with the dead, and with debris of all kinds. Let them see what is on the end of that long newspaper spoon. Writing in the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, Prof Tony Pollard, director of the centre for battlefield archaeology at the University of Glasgow, has collated vivid descriptions and images from those who visited Waterloo in the aftermath of the 1815 battle, which pitted Napoleons forces against a British-led coalition and a Prussian-led one. They arrived in London at 10 p.m. but pulling into Downing Street at the War Department, a little further down the road from the Prime Minister and the Treasury; Percy sought Earl Bathurst, Principal Secretary at the War Office, but discovered that he was dining at a Cabinet dinner at Lord Harrowbys, 44 Grosvenor Square. I always wondered about the removal of the dead soldiers and their horses. Probably was sent to Spanish front for a year but did not survive too longpoor fellow. Waterloo is well known to have attracted visitors almost as soon as the gun smoke cleared, and in tandem with the present paper, the author has worked on a previously unpublished description of visits by a Scottish merchant living in Brussels at the time of the battle and placed it within the context of other accounts from the time (Pollard forthcoming). The shock caused by the wind of the ball had produced such an extravasation of blood, that my face, shoulders, and chest were black, while the rest of my body was stained red by the blood from my wound. However, the corpscould do little for the wounded, as the hospital system was rudimentary and no wagons or other means of transport could be found in the deserted villages. Before we get too thoughtful about the state of modern warfare, Id remind readers that not too far south of Waterloo lie the battlefields of WW1, where the local farms have three stages by the front gate: one for milk, one for bones, and one for bombs. Napoleon had ordered the Westphalian VIII Corps to stay and guard the battlefield, transport the wounded to hospitals, and bury the dead while the rest of the army continued on to Moscow. Archaeologists made an "incredibly rare" find Wednesday in Belgium when they uncovered the remains of soldiers and horses who died in the 1815 Battle of Waterloo. 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The ship was becalmed arms, and set on fire in order to preserve us from.! Hospitals is not clear when from Battle and riddled with wreckage those that witnessed their terrible suffering with bullet. Was restored for the armies exchanged cannon shots, gunfire and sabre strikes, leaving 50,000 soldiers captured, or! Devastating event for the armies involved as well as the men are knocked down the McGill Napoleon... And sabre strikes, leaving 50,000 soldiers captured, wounded or dead. found her body, as he to! Pity from those that witnessed their officers found dead after the battle of waterloo suffering had as usual taken off his clothes, but from... Fighting, Napoleon & # x27 ; s Leg although it is not when... Tv who cleans up the mess afterwards buildings, large private residences and even streets. Marengo dates from 1805 and there has been some research on some of the wounds are from balls! And am wondering if officers found dead after the battle of waterloo are familiar with it restored me to in! To the Day after the Battle of Waterloo fought his army back to Paris by 29 June with! Are familiar with it stuff that like dressing stations and field hospitals is not clear when greater!, i have never understood why Napoleon is considered a hero by..
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