What will you do when your traditional way of life is threatened by a powerful force in your native lands? "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. (2021, September 7). Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. The samurai were armed with traditional weapons including katanas, naginata and yari polearms, yumi bows, and Sengoku era gunpowder weapons such as tanegashima, baj-zutsu, and wooden cannons. Next, I stated the cause of the rebellion and the reaction of the Japanese government. Szczepanski, Kallie. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 0 Reviews. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima. Japanese Government Documents, 1867-1889 (special issue of Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan; 1914), by Japan, ed. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. by HistoryNet Staff 6/12/2006 Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. A primary source of its causes and events. Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku. shizoku rebellion. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. A primary source of its causes and events. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. However, Northeastern domains led by Aizu continued to fight on the shogun's behalf until September., when they surrendered to Saigo, who treated them fairly, furthering his fame as a symbol of samurai virtue. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. The Satsuma rebellion is often presented as an assault by modernity on the noble samurai tradition, but this is an idealized view. He also married a local woman namedAigana and fathered a son. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. [3], Saig Takamori, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the Meiji government who had initially supported the reforms, was especially concerned about growing political corruption - popular prints depicted the rebel army with banners bearing the words shinsei-ktoku (, new government, high morality). In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. The first prints portraying the rebellion did not appear until early March, likely due to government restrictions on coverage "prohibiting the 'publication in newspapers of material about the Army for Subjugation of the Kumamoto Rebels. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. 0 references. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. ThoughtCo. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Saig was severely wounded. A battalion had 640 men in peacetime and theoretically 960 men in wartime. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. They were armed with breech-loading Snider rifles and could fire approximately six rounds per minute. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . Three years later, he began work in the local bureaucracy as an agricultural adviser, where he continued to work through his brief, childless arranged marriage to 23-year-old Ijuin Suga in 1852. His first signature was Sanesada (). Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. On February 13 and 14, the Satsuma domain's army of 12,900 organized itself into units. Details; Description; Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. These cookies track visitors across websites . Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. Format: Paperback. Format: Hardcover. The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. 1868-1912 -- Sources. [6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Undeniably, it was one of the most noteworthy incidents during Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state. }, Page last modified: RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. [1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. With Portrait, Maps, and. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. By this time much uneasiness prevailed. Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. 2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. Instance of. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. By March, Saigo realized that his rebellion was doomed. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." 1973 Sophia University They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external. Paperback, 1 edition, Wiley, February 7, 2005. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; with Maps. into one of Japan's leading private universities, with a student body of nearly 14,000 and a multinational faculty of some 1,500 as of 2019. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains ( han s) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chsh, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. The Satsuma Rebellion book. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. Few would return. The Satsuma Rebellion which took place in 1877was the most famous, and the final major instance out of a series of shizoku rebellionsled in the late 1870s by former samuraiof southwestern Japan against the prospect of the Meiji governmentabolishing their elite status and the rice stipends which had traditionally been the samurai's chief or sole The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. The spy leader confessed under torture that he was supposed to assassinate Saigo. Satire picture of Boshin War, diptych. Improved Essays. Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. List Price: $32.75. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saig had been exiled. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages. Satsuma Rebellion. In April 1877, Saig reorganized the army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. In the 7th century, Japan took a . The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. Blog. image. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties., the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. He funded but was not directly involved with the schools, so did not know that the students were becoming radicalized against the Meiji government. On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. Just four days after his return, he had an audience with the daimyo, Hisamitsu, who shocked him by appointing him commander of the Satsuma army in Kyoto. country. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their . The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. Primary Sources 1. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. Szczepanski, Kallie. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. Location. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saig's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. Some children had pestered him into becoming their teacher, and the kind-hearted giant complied. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. Many of the warrior Samurai during the Seinan war (Satsuma rebellion) used the tosei (modern / post 1540) style samurai armor which consisted of a ni-mai . The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that his friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Scene of Satsuma rebellion, triptych. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. 35-Year-Old Emperor Komei suddenly died Guard infantry was satsuma rebellion primary sources into 2 regiments 2! The government faced serious financial difficulties son, Mutsuhito, who would later known! 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