This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. CAS Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Long Term. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). These figures, however, should be treated with caution. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. The kids they can learn everything. People living within a 20 km zone . That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. While this is a limitation of the present study, we do not believe it detracts from the overall results. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). long term responses. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Short Term. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. Deanne K. Bird. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. This district is now about 31,000km2. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. To obtain This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. 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